Registro prospectivo de pacientes que presentan paro cardiorrespiratorio extrahospitalario en Santiago, Chile / A registry of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Chile

BACKGROUND: The rate of survival to hospital discharge is less than 10% for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). AIM: To develop and implement a Chilean prospective, standardized cardiac arrest registry following the Utstein criteria. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective registry for patients presenting at an urban, academic, high complexity emergency department (ED) after having an OHCA. The facility serves approximately 10% of the national population. Data were registered and analyzed following the Utstein criteria for reporting OHCA. RESULTS: For three years, 289 patients aged 59 ± 19 years (63% men) were included. Fifty seven percent of patients were taken to a health care facility for the first medical assessment by relatives or witnesses and 34% was assisted and transferred by prehospital personnel. In the subgroup of non-traumatic OHCA, 28% (n = 54) received bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The registered cardiac rhythms were asystole (61%), pulseless electrical activity (PEA) (25%) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) (11%). The overall survival rate to discharge from the hospital was 10%, while survival with mRankin score 0-1 was 5%. The median hospitalization length of stay was 18 days among those who survived, compared with five days for the group of patients that died during the hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: OHCA is an important cause of death in Chile. The development of a national registry that follows the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation guidelines is the first step to assess the profile of OHCA in the region. It will provide crucial information to identify prognostic factors and variables that can help develop standards of care and set up the basis to optimize cardiac arrest management within our country and region.

Inter-hospital trends of post-resuscitation interventions and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Singapore

INTRODUCTION@#Hospital-based resuscitation interventions, such as therapeutic temperature management (TTM), emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can improve outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We investigated post-resuscitation interventions and hospital characteristics on OHCA outcomes across public hospitals in Singapore over a 9-year period.@*METHODS@#This was a prospective cohort study of all OHCA cases that presented to 6 hospitals in Singapore from 2010 to 2018. Data were extracted from the Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study Clinical Research Network (PAROS CRN) registry. We excluded patients younger than 18 years or were dead on arrival at the emergency department. The outcomes were 30-day survival post-arrest, survival to admission, and neurological outcome.@*RESULTS@#The study analysed 17,735 cases. There was an increasing rate of provision of TTM, emergency PCI and ECMO (P<0.001) in hospitals, and a positive trend of survival outcomes (P<0.001). Relative to hospital F, hospitals B and C had lower provision rates of TTM (≤5.2%). ECMO rate was consistently <1% in all hospitals except hospital F. Hospitals A, B, C, E had <6.5% rates of provision of emergency PCI. Relative to hospital F, OHCA cases from hospitals A, B and C had lower odds of 30-day survival (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]<1; P<0.05 for hospitals A-C) and lower odds of good neurological outcomes (aOR<1; P<0.05 for hospitals A-C). OHCA cases from academic hospitals had higher odds ratio (OR) of 30-day survival (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.5) than cases from hospitals without an academic status.@*CONCLUSION@#Post-resuscitation interventions for OHCA increased across all hospitals in Singapore from 2010 to 2018, correlating with survival rates. The academic status of hospitals was associated with improved survival.

Clinical evaluation of the use of laryngeal tube versus laryngeal mask airway for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by paramedics in Singapore

INTRODUCTION@#It remains unclear which advanced airway device has better placement success and fewer adverse events in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the VBM laryngeal tube (LT) against the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in OHCAs managed by emergency ambulances in Singapore.@*METHODS@#This was a real-world, prospective, cluster-randomised crossover study. All OHCA patients above 13 years of age who were suitable for resuscitation were randomised to receive either LT or LMA. The primary outcome was placement success. Per-protocol analysis was performed, and the association between outcomes and airway device group was compared using multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis.@*RESULTS@#Of 965 patients with OHCAs from March 2016 to January 2018, 905 met the inclusion criteria, of whom 502 (55.5%) were randomised to receive LT while 403 (44.5%) were randomised to receive LMA. Only 174 patients in the LT group actually received the device owing to noncompliance. Placement success rate for LT was lower than for LMA (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31-0.90). Complications were more likely when using LT (OR 2.82,0 95% CI 1.64-4.86). Adjusted OR for prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was similar in both groups. A modified intention-to-treat analysis showed similar outcomes to the per-protocol analysis between the groups.@*CONCLUSION@#LT was associated with poorer placement success and higher complication rates than LMA. The likelihood of prehospital ROSC was similar between the two groups. Familiarity bias and a low compliance rate to LT were the main limitations of this study.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: determinant factors for immediate survival after cardiopulmonary resuscitation / Parada cardíaca extra-hospitalar: fatores determinantes da sobrevida imediata após manobras de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar / Parada cardíaca extrahospitalaria: factores determinantes de la sobrevida inmediata después de maniobras de resucitación cardiopulmonar

OBJECTIVE: to analyze determinant factors for the immediate survival of persons who receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation from the advanced support units of the Mobile Emergency Medical Services (SAMU) of Belo Horizonte. METHOD: this is a retrospective, epidemiological study which analyzed 1,165 assistance forms, from the period 2008 - 2010. The collected data followed the Utstein style, being submitted to descriptive and analytical statistics with tests with levels of significance of 5%. RESULTS: the majority were male, the median age was 64 years, and the ambulance response time, nine minutes. Immediate survival was observed in 239 persons. An association was ascertained of this outcome with "cardiac arrest witnessed by persons trained in basic life support" (OR=3.49; p<0.05; CI 95%), "cardiac arrest witnessed by Mobile Emergency Medical Services teams" (OR=2.99; p<0.05; CI95%), "only the carry out of basic life support" (OR=0.142; p<0.05; CI95%), and "initial cardiac rhythm of asystole" (OR=0.33; p<0.05; CI 95%). CONCLUSION: early access to cardiopulmonary resuscitation was related to a favorable outcome, and the non-undertaking of advanced support, and asystole, were associated with worse outcomes. Basic and advanced life support techniques can alter survival in the event of cardiac arrest. .

OBJETIVO: analisar fatores determinantes da sobrevida imediata de pessoas que receberam manobras de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar pelas equipes de suporte avançado do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência, de Belo Horizonte. MÉTODO: trata-se de estudo epidemiológico, retrospectivo, no qual foram analisadas 1.165 fichas de atendimento, do período de 2008 a 2010. Os dados coletados seguiram o estilo Utstein, sendo submetidos à estatística descritiva e analítica com testes de nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: a maioria era do sexo masculino, a mediana da idade foi de 64 anos e a do tempo de deslocamento, nove minutos. A sobrevida imediata foi observada em 239 pessoas. Verificou-se associação desse desfecho com a "parada cardiorrespiratória presenciada por pessoas treinadas em suporte básico de vida" (OR=3,49; p<0,05; IC95%), a "parada cardiorrespiratória presenciada por equipes do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência" (OR=2,99; p<0,05; IC95%), "a realização de suporte básico de vida" (OR=0,142; p<0,05; IC95%), "o ritmo cardíaco inicial de assistolia" (OR=0,33; p<0,05; IC95%). CONCLUSÃO: o acesso precoce às manobras de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar foi relacionado a um desfecho favorável e a não realização de suporte avançado e a assistolia foram associadas a pior desfecho. Manobras de suporte básico e avançado podem alterar a sobrevida na parada cardiorrespiratória. .

OBJETIVO: analizar factores determinantes de la sobrevida inmediata de personas que recibieron maniobras de resucitación cardiopulmonar por los equipos de soporte avanzado del Servicio de Atención Móvil de Urgencia de Belo Horizonte. MÉTODO: se trata de estudio epidemiológico, retrospectivo en el cual fueron analizadas 1.165 fichas de atención, en el período de 2008 a 2010. Los datos recolectados siguieron el estilo Utstein, siendo sometidos a la estadística descriptiva y analítica con pruebas de nivel de significancia de 5%. RESULTADOS: la mayoría era del sexo masculino, la mediana de la edad fue de 64 años y el de tiempo de traslado, nueve minutos. La sobrevida inmediata fue observada en 239 personas. Se verificó asociación de ese resultado con la "parada cardiorrespiratoria presenciada por personas entrenadas en soporte básico de vida" (OR=3,49; p<0,05; IC95%), la "parada cardiorrespiratoria presenciada por equipos del Servicio de Atención Móvil de Urgencia" (OR=2,99; p<0,05; IC95%), "la realización de soporte básico de vida" (OR=0,142; p<0,05; IC95%), y "el ritmo cardíaco inicial de asistolia" (OR=0,33; p<0,05; IC95%). CONCLUSIÓN: el acceso precoz a las maniobras de resucitación cardiopulmonar fue relacionado a un resultado favorable y la no realización de soporte avanzado y asistolia fueron asociados a un resultado peor. Maniobras de soporte básico y avanzado pueden alterar la sobrevida en la PCR. .

Informe de 3 casos de reanimación extrahospitalaria en la ciudad de Querétaro: Importancia de un sistema integral de atención de emergencias médicas / Prehospital cardiac resuscitation in Queretaro, Mexico: Report of 3 cases. Importance of an integral emergency medical care system

En México, el paro cardiaco que ocurre fuera de las instalaciones hospitalarias representa un problema de salud pública debido a que se estima que es responsable de 33,000 a 150,000 muertes al año. La mortalidad que se informa, en las escasas publicaciones que existen en México, son tan elevadas que incluso llegan al 100% de los eventos, cifras mucho más altas que las informadas en otros países. En la ciudad de Querétaro no se tenían documentados casos de reanimación exitosa en los últimos 5 años, sin embargo, en el 2012 se informaron varios casos en los que la reanimación logró obtener el retorno de la circulación espontánea. Se presentan3 casos con retorno de la circulación espontánea en la escena y pulso a la llegada al hospital. De ellos, 2 egresaron con vida del hospital; pero uno de estos con pobre actividad cerebral. Factores como reanimación cardiopulmonar comunitaria, desfibrilación en los primeros minutos y mejores tiempos de respuesta del sistema de urgencia se relacionan con la supervivencia de las víctimas. Podrían mejorarse los resultados de este poco explorado problema de salud en el contexto mexicano con la mejora de la calidad del servicio de manera continua, con la difusión de estrategias de educación pública en reanimación cardiopulmonar asistida por la persona que está en ese momento, la participación de la policía en la reanimación cardiopulmonar y la desfibrilación, con los programas de acceso público a la desfibrilación y la determinación de indicadores de retroalimentación.

In Mexico, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a health problem that represents 33,000 to 150,000 or more deaths per year. The few existent reports show mortality as high as 100% in contrast to some international reports that show higher survival rates. In Queretaro, during the last 5 years there were no successful resuscitation cases. However, in 2012 some patients were reported to have return of spontaneous circulation. We report in this article 3 cases with return of spontaneous circulation and pulse at arrival to the hospital. Two of the patients were discharged alive, one of them with poor cerebral performance category. Community cardiopulmonary resuscitation, early defibrillation and better emergency medical system response times, are related with survival. This poorly explored health problem in Queretaro could be increased with quality and good public education, bystander assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation, police involvement in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation, public access defibrillation programs and measurement of indicators and feedback for better results.

I diretriz de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar e cuidados cardiovasculares de emergência da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: resumo executivo / I guideline for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care - Brazilian Society of Cardiology: executive summary

Apesar de avanços nos últimos anos relacionados à prevenção e a tratamento, muitas são as vidas perdidas anualmente no Brasil relacionado à parada cardíaca e a eventos cardiovasculares em geral. O Suporte Básico de Vida envolve o atendimento às emergências cardiovasculares principalmente em ambiente pré-hospitalar, enfatizando reconhecimento e realização precoces das manobras de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar com foco na realização de compressões torácicas de boa qualidade, assim como na rápida desfibrilação, por meio da implementação dos programas de acesso público à desfibrilação. Esses aspectos são de fundamental importância e podem fazer diferença no desfecho dos casos como sobrevida hospitalar sem sequelas neurológicas. O início precoce do Suporte Avançado de Vida em Cardiologia também possui papel essencial, mantendo, durante todo o atendimento, a qualidade das compressões torácicas, adequado manejo da via aérea, tratamento específico dos diferentes ritmos de parada, desfibrilação, avaliação e tratamento das possíveis causas. Mais recentemente dá-se ênfase a cuidados pós-ressuscitação, visando reduzir a mortalidade por meio do reconhecimento precoce e tratamento da síndrome pós-parada cardíaca. A hipotermia terapêutica tem demonstrado melhora significativa da lesão neurológica e deve ser realizada em indivíduos comatosos pós-parada cardíaca. Para os médicos que trabalham na emergência ou unidade de terapia intensiva é de grande importância o aperfeiçoamento no tratamento desses pacientes por meio de treinamentos específicos, possibilitando maiores chances de sucesso e maior sobrevida.

Despite advances related to the prevention and treatment in the past few years, many lives are lost to cardiac arrest and cardiovascular events in general in Brazil every year. Basic Life Support involves cardiovascular emergency treatment mainly in the pre-hospital environment, with emphasis on the early recognition and delivery of cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers focused on high-quality thoracic compressions and rapid defibrillation by means of the implementation of public access-to-defibrillation programs. These aspects are of the utmost importance and may make the difference on the patient's outcomes, such as on hospital survival with no permanent neurological damage. Early initiation of the Advanced Cardiology Life Support also plays an essential role by keeping the quality of thoracic compressions; adequate airway management; specific treatment for the different arrest rhythms; defibrillation; and assessment and treatment of the possible causes during all the assistance. More recently, emphasis has been given to post-resuscitation care, with the purpose of reducing mortality by means of early recognition and treatment of the post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Therapeutic hypothermia has provided significant improvement of neurological damage and should be performed in comatose individuals post-cardiac arrest. For physicians working in the emergency department or intensive care unit, it is extremely important to improve the treatment given to these patients by means of specific training, thus giving them the chance of higher success and of better survival rates.

Análisis de la inclusión de la policía en la respuesta de emergencias al paro cardiorrespiratorio extrahospitalario / Analysis of the inclussion of police personnel on the out of hospital cardiac arrest emergency response

OBJETIVO: El presente estudio busca analizar una alternativa al pronóstico de paro cardiorrespiratorio extrahospitalario (PCE) como problema de salud pública al involucrar a los cuerpos policiacos en la respuesta de emergencias. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizó retrospectivamente un registro de PCE iniciado en junio de 2009. Se contrastó un modelo basado en un número limitado de ambulancias con primera respuesta por la policía. RESULTADOS: La mortalidad fue de 100 por ciento, tiempos de respuesta elevados y 10.8 por ciento recibió reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) por testigos presenciales. En 63.7 por ciento de los eventos la policía llegaba antes que la ambulancia y en 1.5 por ciento el policía dio RCP. El costo por vida salvada fue 5.8-60 millones de pesos en un modelo sólo con ambulancias vs. 0.5-5.5 millones de pesos en un modelo con primera respuesta policiaca. CONCLUSIONES: La intervención de la policía en la ciudad de Querétaro facilitaría la disminución de la mortalidad por PCE a un menor costo.

OBJETIVE: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OCHA) is a public health problem in which survival depends on community initial response among others. This study tries to analyze what's the proportional cost of enhancing such response by involving the police corps in it. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively an OCHA registry started on June 2009. We contrasted a model with limited number of ambulances and police based first response. RESULTS: Mortality was 100 percent, response times high and 10.8 percent of the victims were receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by bystanders. In 63.7 percent of the events the police arrived before the ambulance, in 1.5 percent of these cases the police provided CPR. The cost for each saved life was of 5.8-60 million Mexican pesos per life with only ambulance model vs 0.5-5.5 million Mexican pesos on a police first response model with 12 ambulances. CONCLUSIONS: In Queretaro interventions can be performed taking advantage of the response capacity of the existing police focused on diminishing mortality from OCHA at a lesser cost than delegating this function only to ambulances.

Trombosis venosa mayor asociada a catéter de hipotermia terapéutica en un paciente con paro cardiorrespiratorio recuperado: comunicación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Venous thrombosis secondary to catheter insertion for hypothermia after cardiac arrest: Report of one case

To improve survival and reduce neurological injury, the use of mild hypothermia following cardiac arrest has been recommended. We report a 65 years old woman who presented an out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest. The patient was comatose following initial resuscitation and was admitted into the ICU, where cooling was initiated using an intravascular catheter. After 48 hours, rewarming was initiated. Although no neurological impairment was observed, physical examination of the right inguinal area and echo-Doppler examination revealed an extensive catheter-related thrombophlebitis with right ileocaval vein occlusion., with high risk of masive and life threatening pulmonary embolism. We report a clinical case and review the literature to point out the need for a high index of diagnostic suspicion of deep venous thrombosis in these specific setting.

Abordagem otimizada na ressuscitação cardiocerebral / Optimized approach in cardiocerebral resuscitation / Abordaje optimizado en la resucitación cardiocerebral

A ressuscitação cardiocerebral (RCC) é uma nova abordagem à ressuscitação de pacientes com parada cardíaca fora do hospital (PCFH). O primeiro componente principal da RCC são as compressões torácicas contínuas (CTC), também chamadas de RCP com compressões torácicas isoladas ou "RCP somente com compressões torácicas" ("Hands-only" CPR), recomendadas como parte da RCC por todos os observadores que testemunhem um colapso súbito de origem presumidamente cardíaco. O segundo componente é um novo algoritmo de tratamento de Suporte Avançado de Vida em Cardiologia (ACLS) para Serviços Médicos de Emergência (SME). Esse algoritmo enfatiza compressões torácicas ininterruptas a despeito de outros procedimentos contínuos como parte do esforço de resgate. Um terceiro componente foi recentemente adicionado à RCC, e é o cuidado agressivo pós-ressuscitação. A RCC tem aumentado a participação de testemunhas e tem melhorado as taxas de sobrevivência em varias comunidades. Essa é a hora para outras comunidades re-examinarem seus próprios desfechos com parada cardíaca e considerar a possibilidade de se juntar a essas cidades e comunidades que dobraram e até mesmo triplicaram as suas taxas de sobrevivência de PCFH.

Cardiocerebral Resuscitation (CCR) is a new approach to the resuscitation of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The first major component of CCR is continuous chest compressions (also referred to as chest compression-only CPR or "hands-only CPR") advocated as part of CCR for all bystanders who witness a sudden collapse of presumed cardiac origin. The second component of CCR is a new ACLS treatment algorithm for Emergency Medical Services. This algorithm emphasizes uninterrupted chest compressions regardless of other ongoing assignments as part of the rescue effort. A third component has recently been added to CCR, namely aggressive post-resuscitation care. Cardiocerebral resuscitation has increased bystander participation and has improved survival rates in a number of communities. Now is the time for other communities to re-examine their own outcomes with cardiac arrest and consider joining those cities and communities that have doubled and even tripled their survival from OHCA.

La resucitación cardiocerebral (RCC) es un nuevo abordaje de la resucitación de pacientes con parada cardíaca fuera del hospital (PCFH). El primer componente principal de la RCC son las compresiones torácicas continuas (CTC), también llamadas de RCP con compresiones torácicas isoladas o "RCP solamente con compresiones torácicas" ("Hands-only" CPR), recomendadas como parte de la RCC por todos los observadores que testimonian un colapso súbito de origen presumidamente cardíaco. El segundo componente es un nuevo algoritmo de tratamiento de Soporte Avanzado de Vida en Cardiología (ACLS) para Servicios Médicos de Emergencia (SME). Ese algoritmo enfatiza compresiones torácicas ininterrumpidas a despecho de otros procedimientos continuos como parte del esfuerzo de rescate. Un tercer componente fue recientemente adicionado a la RCC, y es el cuidado agresivo post resucitación. La RCC ha aumentado la participación de espectadores y ha mejorado las tasas de supervivencia en varias comunidades. Esa es la hora para que otras comunidades reexaminen sus propios desenlaces con parada cardíaca y considerar la posibilidad de juntarse a esas ciudades y comunidades que doblaron y hasta aun triplicaron sus tasas de supervivencia de PCFH.